Great white shark
Scientific classification:
Scope:
eukaryotes
Kingdom:
Animals
Phylum:
Chordates
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Sect:
cartilaginous fish
Order:
Fusiform
Family:
Lachiaceae
Genus:
Toothed sharks
Species:
Great white shark
Scientific name
Carcharodon carcharias
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Global habitat of the great white shark:
The great white shark, also known by many other names, including: the great white, tapered white snout, white shark, and white death, is a huge species of spindle-shaped shark، It is found in all surface waters of the world's major oceans. Known for their enormous sizes, over the years individuals have been found that reached 6 meters or more (about 20 feet) in length and weighed 2,268 kilograms (5,000 pounds). These sharks reach sexual maturity when they are about 15 years old, and their lifespan is about 30 years.
Some scientists consider the great white shark to be the largest marine carnivorous fish, and one of the most prominent predators of marine mammals known in ancient and modern times. These sharks feed on a wide range of marine animals other than land mammals, such as fish, pinnipeds, and seabirds, and they are the only remaining representative of their genus, which is the genus of toothed sharks (in Latin: Carcharodon)، It always ranks first on the list of animals that attack humans, as several encounters with human beings caused them to suffer violent injuries, some of which were fatal. Among the most prominent incidents in which large white sharks were accused: the attacks on the New Jersey coast in 1916, which resulted in several casualties, but a number of experts say that these animals were excluded، The original accused is the bull shark. The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies these animals as minimally threatened, and they are included in Appendix II of the Convention on the Prohibition of Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), that is, on the list of animals that are not currently threatened with extinction، But it is possible that it will be exposed to it in the future if trade in it and its members is not subject to strict rules.
These fish became famous after they appeared in the novel by American writer Peter Benchley, and the film adaptation of them was directed by Steven Spielberg, titled «Jaws، They are depicted as predatory cannibals, although humans are not actually considered natural or preferred prey for these animals.
Label:
The Swedish zoologist Carlos Linnaeus was the first to describe these animals scientifically in the modern era, and he gave them the Latin name Squalus carcharias, in 1758. In 1833, the Scottish zoologist, Sir Andrew Smith, returned and named the genus Carcharodon، In 1873, scientists agreed to merge the genus name of Smith with the species name of Linnaeus until it became what it is today: Carcharodon carcharias (read: Carcharodon carcaris). The word carcardon is derived from the Greek word carcaros, meaning «un» or «msen», and odos, meaning «sen».
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Spread and habitat
Great white sharks live on almost all coasts and areas adjacent to beaches around the world, and the water temperature in these areas usually ranges from 12 to 14 degrees Celsius، But its population density is higher than the rest of the world in the waters of the United States of America, Chile, South Africa, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the entire Mediterranean. One of the largest known population densities in the world for these animals is an area located on Dyer Island in South Africa, where many scientific research is being conducted.
The white shark is an open water fish, as it is usually seen in these waters when there are suitable prey such as fur seals, sea lions, and cetaceans, in addition to species of large bony fish and some other sharks. It has been documented in the open seas that the white shark reached a depth of 1,220 meters underwater, and this fact challenges the common idea that it is a coastal fish
According to a recent study, California white sharks migrate every now and then to a place between the Baja California and Hawaii regions known as « White Shark Café، She spends about 100 days before returning again to Baja. During the return journey, sharks swim slowly and dive to depths of up to 900 metres، Then, after it reaches Baja again, its behavior changes slightly and it begins diving underwater to a depth of about 300 meters for 10 minutes. As another example of this behavior, another study was conducted on the coast of South Africa, where a tracking chip was linked to a local shark, and after linking it to the chip, it swam across the ocean from those coasts to South Australia، Then he returned again in less than a year. A similar study also tracked a white shark from South Africa that swam to Australia's northwest coast and then returned again, a 20,000 km journey it made in 9 months. These studies, along with other studies, have refuted traditional theories that white sharks are coastal predators that use certain hunting grounds for themselves، It also opens up the possibility of social interactions between white sharks themselves, which were previously thought to be antisocial creatures. But despite the fact that these animals migrate, it is not yet known what they do when they migrate, and it is possible that this may be to mate or exploit a food season.
Description and external appearance:
In the fossil record
Right:
A tooth belonging to a giant white shark, or megalodon, and near it is a large white shark tooth and a quarter US dollar piece to compare size.
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Great white shark size
Left:
A
fossilized tooth up to 4 centimeters long, belonging to a large white shark
from the Middle Tertiary period, found in sediments of the Atacama Desert in
Chile.
The fossil record indicates that great white sharks appeared on Earth during the middle of the Middle Tertiary, also known as the Miocene, when several fossils were found that experts estimated to be about 16 million years old. However, despite this, the history of the emergence and development of these animals is still the subject of great controversy among scientists، Who assumed that the great white shark evolved from a common ancestor with the prehistoric shark, the giant white shark, or the great-toothed white shark, known to the public as «Megalodon» (Carcharodon megalodon)، The similarity between the remains of these animals and the bony structure of great white sharks, in addition to the enormous size of each of the two species, made scientists assume the existence of a close lineage between them، Accordingly, they gave the genus name Carcharodon to the extinct giant. However, in the past few years, some studies have shown that both species are distantly related to each other, despite their belonging to the Fusobacterium family، The great white shark is more closely related to mako sharks than the giant white shark. In addition, this new hypothesis places the aforementioned shark in a new genus «carocles (Carcharocles) that includes other species of extinct toothed sharks.
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Body and size:
The great white shark has a huge, thick, conical snout, and its tail is divided into upper and lower lobes, approximately the same size, like some species of sharks belonging to the order Fusiform.
These fish show a camouflage pattern known to many marine creatures, the opposite shading pattern, which is one in which the body's color pigment is dark on the back and pale on the underside
The viewer of these sharks can notice their gray back (brown or shaded blue in some individuals), and their white underside, which gives them a mottled appearance.
This adaptation aims to make the shark hidden from the eyes of its prey.If you look at it from below, you will see a white color merging with the sun’s rays, and if you look at it from above, you will see only a small imagination
The dark color makes the shark blend with the color of the bottom water.
Great white sharks, like most other sharks, have rows of sharp teeth behind their primary teeth, ready to replace the latter if any of them break, and the shark often loses its teeth when feeding
When these fish bite something, they shake their heads right and left very violently, tearing off large pieces of meat, often resulting in the extraction of one or more teeth.
Adult males of these sharks range in length from 3.5 to 4.0 meters (between 11 and 13 feet), and females between 4.5 and 5.0 meters (between 15 and 16 feet).
Adult individuals average height between 4 and 5.2 meters (between 13 and 17.1 feet), and weigh between 680 and 1,100 kilograms (between 1,500 and 2,400 pounds).
Females of this species are often larger than males, and scientists agree that some may reach 6.1 meters (20 ft) in length and weigh up to 1,900 kilograms (4,200 lb).
The maximum size these animals can reach is a matter of controversy
Because a number of reports dealing with this topic are estimates or guesses of the size of some individuals that have been studied in their natural habitat under inappropriate conditions.
Many people have documented the presence of some very large individuals of this type over several years.
Ichthyologists and the Guinness Book of World Records report that there are two white sharks that have not yet appeared
The first reached a length of 10.9 meters (36 feet) and was found in the waters of the town of Ferry Harbor in the state of Victoria, South Australia, during the 1870s.
As for the second shark, its length reached 11.3 meters (37 feet), and it fell into the nets of herring fishermen in New Brunswick Province, Canada, during the thirties of the twentieth century.
Some experts say that the size of these aforementioned animals may not be taken accurately, especially since it exceeds the size of all the huge fish that are allegedly seen today
The new Brunswick shark may be nothing but a basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) that was mistakenly thought to be a large white shark since the bodies of both species are of similar shape and structure.
As for the Ferry Harbor shark, the controversy over it was resolved during the seventies of the twentieth century, when the scientist J.
Randall examined the creature's jaw, only to discover that its true length was no more than 5 meters (17 feet).
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The aforementioned scientist reports that the largest great white shark ever found, and it can be said that its measurements are remarkable, was an individual that fell into the nets of fishermen off a coast of Western Australia in 1987
He was 6.0 meters (19.7 feet)
tall. Another large white shark that is
also very large is the Athenian shark, the presence of which has been
documented.
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